Avaliação do desempenho de detergentes para limpeza: validação de uma proposta / Evaluación del rendimiento de detergentes para limpieza: validación de una propuesta / Performance evaluation of cleaning detergents: a proposal validation

Resumo Objetivo Elaborar e validar uma proposta para avaliação do desempenho de detergentes na limpeza de produtos para saúde. Métodos Foi desenvolvida proposta para avaliar o desempenho de detergentes rotineiramente utilizados em Centros de Material e Esterilização por meio de um estudo experimental utilizando monitores de limpeza e lavadora ultrassônica. Monitores de limpeza foram dispostos na cuba de uma lavadora ultrassônica. O parâmetro adotado para avaliação do desempenho dos detergentes foi a remoção completa da sujidade dos monitores. Foram avaliados resíduos de proteínas de amostras tubulares de aço inoxidável e de policloreto de polivinila, após contato com carga orgânica desafio e limpeza em lavadora ultrassônica. Foram considerados reprovados os testes que apresentavam gradação da coloração azul e aprovados os testes que permaneciam com a coloração marrom, como indicado nas instruções de uso. Todos os testes foram realizados em triplicata ou quintuplicada. Adicionalmente, foram realizados controles positivos. Resultados O uso do teste com tiras de papel alumínio, foil test, mostrou-se de fácil aplicação e capaz de diferenciar a cavitação em diferentes pontos da cuba da lavadora ultrassônica. Os indicadores de limpeza impregnados com resíduos orgânicos e os monitores de proteína utilizados na proposta apresentaram resultados variados, possibilitando diferenciar a eficácia da limpeza para cada detergente utilizado. Portanto, além de disponíveis no mercado, são ferramentas simples que possibilitaram a avaliação dos detergentes. Conclusão A proposta desenvolvida mostrou-se factível e simples e considerou produtos e equipamentos rotineiramente encontrados em Centros de Material e Esterilização.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar una propuesta para evaluación del rendimiento de detergentes en la limpieza de productos de salud. Métodos Mediante un estudio experimental con el uso de monitores de limpieza y lavadora ultrasónica, se elaboró una propuesta para evaluar el rendimiento de detergentes utilizados habitualmente en centros de material y esterilización. Se colocaron monitores de limpieza en el tanque de una lavadora ultrasónica. El parámetro adoptado para evaluar el rendimiento de los detergentes fue la eliminación completa de la suciedad de los monitores. Se evaluaron residuos de proteínas de muestras tubulares de acero inoxidable y de cloruro de polivinilo, después del contacto con carga orgánica desafío y limpieza en lavadora ultrasónica. Las pruebas que presentaron una gama de coloración azul fueron reprobadas, y las que permanecían con coloración marrón fueron aprobadas, como indicado en las instrucciones de uso. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas en triplicado o quintuplicado. Adicionalmente se realizaron controles positivos. Resultados El uso de las pruebas con tiras de papel de aluminio, foil test, demostró ser de fácil aplicación y con capacidad para diferenciar la cavitación en diferentes puntos del tanque de la lavadora ultrasónica. Los indicadores de limpieza impregnados de residuos orgánicos y los monitores de proteína utilizados en la propuesta presentaron resultados variados, lo que permitió diferenciar la eficacia de la limpieza en cada detergente usado. Por lo tanto, además de estar disponibles en el mercado, son herramientas simples que permiten la evaluación de los detergentes. Conclusión La propuesta desarrollada demostró ser factible y simple, e incluyó productos y equipos encontrados habitualmente en centros de material y esterilización.

Abstract Objective To develop and validate a proposal to evaluate the performance of cleaning detergents for health products. Methods A proposal was developed to evaluate the performance of detergents routinely used in Materials and Sterilization Center through an experimental study using cleaning monitors and an ultrasonic washer. Cleaning monitors were placed in the ultrasonic washer tub. The parameter adopted to evaluate the performance of detergents was the complete removal of stain from the monitors. Protein residues from tubular stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride samples were evaluated after contact with challenge organic matter and cleaning in an ultrasonic washer. Tests that showed a gradation of blue color were considered to have failed and tests that remained with a brown color were approved, as indicated in instructions for use. All tests were performed in triplicate or quintuplicate. Additionally, positive controls were performed. Results The use of the foil test with strips proved to be easy to apply and capable of differentiating cavitation at different points in the ultrasonic washer tub. The cleaning indicators impregnated with organic residues and the protein monitors used in the proposal presented varied results, making it possible to differentiate the cleaning effectiveness for each detergent used. In addition to their availability on the market, these simple tools made it possible to evaluate the detergents. Conclusion The proposal developed proved to be feasible and simple and considered products and equipment routinely found in Materials and Sterilization Centers.

Efficacy of Disinfection of Rigid Endoscope by Ethyl Alcohol 70%

Abstract Introduction Currently, there is no safe, affordable, and ecologically-sustainable guideline that helps prevent contamination through endoscopy. We evaluated the safety of intermediate-level disinfection with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) based on biological-load recovery from rigid endoscopes after nasal endoscopy. Objective To demonstrate the efficacy of 70% ethanol in disinfecting rigid endoscopes (REs) to reduce microbial growth in microbiological cultures. Methods After a nasal endoscopy examination, the endoscope was swabbed with gauze; this served as the positive-control sample. The standard operating procedure for intermediate-level disinfection with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) following prior cleaning was applied. The endoscope was again swabbed; this served as the experimental sample. The collected material from the endoscope was extracted from gauze pieces, filtered through a 0.22-μm cellulose membrane, and cultivated in different means of culture. Results The results revealed a significant difference between the positive-control and experimental groups regarding the presence of Streptococcus coagulase (-) (p < 0.001), Bacillus spp. (p <0.001), and Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.001). These microorganisms were detected in the control group, but not in the experimental group. Conclusions Microorganisms were not recovered from the samples of the experimental group, demonstrating the efficacy and the germicidal action of 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) as a means of achieving intermediate-level disinfection.

Tratamento de efluentes: remoção de detergente utilizando processo Fenton com ultrassom e prego reutilizado / Effluent treatment: detergent removal using Fenton ultrasound process and reused nail

RESUMO Diferentes metodologias são descritas na literatura para tratamento de efluentes industriais. Entretanto, a maioria dos processos não são totalmente eficientes quando o efluente apresenta baixo conteúdo de partícula coloidal suspensa e alta concentração de matéria orgânica e detergentes. Entre os métodos que são estudados para eliminar detergente e matéria orgânica de efluentes industriais, o processo Fenton é uma estratégia atraente. No presente estudo, foi aplicada uma metodologia para remoção de detergente de efluentes líquidos utilizando processo Fenton com ultrassom e prego reutilizado. A otimização de parâmetros para tratamento do efluente foi realizada por meio das análises de pH, detergente, cor, turbidez, demanda química de oxigênio, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, óleos e graxas, e sólidos suspensos. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos em pH 3,5, com 90 mg L−1 de peróxido de hidrogênio e um prego de ferro (2,7g) tanto para o processo Fenton como para o Fenton com ultrassom. Nessas condições, os valores de remoção de detergente foram de 99,4%. Em pH 2,5, 4,5 e 5,5, os valores obtidos para remoção de detergente foram menores, 75,2, 89,5, 68,4%, respectivamente. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos para cor, turbidez, demanda química de oxigênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio. A reutilização dos pregos mostrou que a eficiência média na remoção de detergente até o quarto ciclo foi acima de 90%, e, a partir do quinto ciclo, observou-se uma diminuição gradativa, sendo a diferença entre o primeiro e o sexto ciclo em torno de 10%.

ABSTRACT Different methodologies are described in the literature for the industrial effluents treatment. However, most processes are not fully efficient when the effluent has low suspended colloidal particle content and high concentration of organic matter and detergents. Among the methods that are studied to eliminate detergent and organic matter from industrial effluents, the Fenton process is an attractive strategy. In the present study, a more sustainable methodology was applied to remove detergent and organic matter from liquid effluents using Fenton process with ultrasound and recycled nail. The optimization of parameters for effluent treatment was carried out through the analysis of pH, detergents, color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, oils and greases, and suspended solids. The best results were obtained at pH 3.5, with 90 mg L−1 of hydrogen peroxide and an iron nail (2.7 g) both for the Fenton process and Fenton with ultrasound. Under these conditions, detergent removal values were 99.4%. At pH 2.5, 4.5, and 5.5, the values obtained for detergent removal were lower, 75.2, 89.5, and 68.4%, respectively. Similar results were obtained for color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand. The reuse of the nails showed that the average detergent removal efficiency up to the fourth cycle was above 90%, and, from the fifth cycle, a gradual decrease was observed, with the difference between the first and sixth cycles being around 10%.

Production of green surfactants: market prospects

Science has greatly contributed to the advancement of technology and to the innovation of production processes and their applications. Cleaning products have become indispensable in today's world, as personal and environmental hygiene is important to all societies worldwide. Such products are used in the home, in most work environments and in the industrial sectors. Most of the detergents on the market are synthesised from petrochemical products. However, the interest in reducing the use of products harmful to human health and the environment has led to the search for detergents formulated with natural, biodegradable surfactant components of biological (plant or microbiological) origin or chemically synthesised from natural raw materials usually referred to as green surfactants. This review addresses the different types, properties, and uses of surfactants, with a focus on green surfactants, and describes the current scenario as well as the projections for the future market economy related to the production of the different types of green surfactants marketed in the world.

Improvement of detection method for anionic synthetic detergents in drinking water / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To detect anionic synthetic detergents in drinking water with dichloromethane as the extracting agent using an automatic anionic detergent online extraction analysis system. Methods Anionic synthetic detergent in water reacted with methylene blue dye to produce blue compounds. Dichloromethane was used instead of chloroform for extraction. The automatic anionic detergent on-line extraction and analysis system was used for color comparison and quantification. Results The linear relationship of the anionic synthetic detergents was good in the range of 0 mg /L～0.50 mg /L with a correlation coefficient being greater than 0.9990. The relative standard deviation was 1.08%～4.63%, the recovery was 93.76%～106.64%, and the method detection limit was 0.004 mg /L. Conclusion This method used dichloromethane as an extractant to determine anionic synthetic detergents in drinking water, and obtained satisfactory results. At the same time, full automation kept the detection environmental conditions of different samples consistent, saved labor and further improved the safety of operators.

A Novel Raw Starch Hydrolyzing Thermostable α-Amylase Produced by Newly Isolated Bacillus mojavensis SO-10: Purification, Characterization and Usage in Starch Industries

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is the production, purification, and characterisation of thermostable raw starch hydrolyzing α-amylase produced by Bacillus mojavensis SO-10. The maximum production conditions of α-amylase were found at 36th hour, 35 °C and pH 7.0. We utilized three steps to purify the thermostable α-amylase and as a result, 34-fold and 18% yield were obtained. The molecular weight of purified α-amylase was determined as 73 kD. The Km and Vmax rates were detected as 0.010 mM and 3.38 µmol min−1, respectively. This purified α-amylase exhibited the highest activity at pH 5.0-6.0 and 70 ºC and showed stability over a wide variety of pH and temperature at 4.0-8.0, and 40-50 ºC, respectively. The thermostable purified α-amylase exhibited stability in the presence of denaturing agents and heavy metal ions. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed the raw starches of corn and wheat grains in the ratio of 36.7% and 39.2% respectively. The end-yields of soluble starch hydrolysis were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In addition, the usage of purified α-amylase in clarification of apple juice and domestic washing detergent industries were evaluated.

Reutilização do detergente enzimático: avaliação do impacto da contaminação microbiana da solução na efetividade da limpeza de aparelhos endoscópicos gastrointestinais / Enzymatic detergent reuse: evaluation of the impact of the solution's microbial contamination on the cleaning effectiveness of gastrointestinal endoscopes

No Brasil, é recomendado que durante a limpeza dos Produtos para Saúde (PPS) o detergente utilizado possua ação enzimática. Embora a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada nº 55 de 14 de novembro de 2012 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária desaconselhe a reutilização desta solução de limpeza, sabe-se que na prática clínica elas são reaproveitadas por diversas vezes para imersão de PPS, como os aparelhos endoscópicos, o que pode comprometer a efetividade da ação do detergente enzimático e com isso a segurança no processamento do PPS. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a carga microbiana presente na solução de detergente enzimático durante sua reutilização na limpeza manual de aparelhos endoscópicos gastrointestinais. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal realizado em um serviço de endoscopia digestiva de um hospital universitário de Belo Horizonte e no Laboratório de Microbiologia Oral e Anaeróbios do ICB/UFMG. A amostra foi composta por 57 aparelhos endoscópicos e 76 alíquotas de solução de detergente enzimáticos coletadas de diversos reusos de 19 diferentes soluções. O material coletado foi agitado em vórtex, acrescido a Caldo Letheem Modificado e submetido a filtração em membrana Millipore® 0,45µm. A membrana foi depositada em Tryptic Soy Ágar para crescimento microbiano. A identificação presuntiva dos micro-organismos foi realizada manualmente considerando-se aspectos morfotintoriais e reações bioquímico/fisiológicas. As variáveis foram descritas utilizando frequências, porcentagens e medidas de tendência central. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE ­ 67493417.1.0000.5149). As médias das cargas microbianas na solução de detergente enzimático variaram de 19,9 UFC/mL após primeiro uso, 51,1 UFC/mL após terceiro uso e 67,1UFC/mL após o quinto reuso. Nos canais de ar/água e biópsia houve aumento de micro-organismos Gram negativos ao longo das reutilizações do detergente. Foram recuperados, Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphyloccocus aureus, Staphyloccocus coagulase negativa. Pseudomonas spp. foi o micro-organismo mais identificado em todas as alíquotas coletadas. Verificou-se a importância da escovação do canal de biópsia para correta remoção de micro-organismos. Conclui-se que a reutilização das soluções de detergente enzimático contribuiu para contaminação dos aparelhos endoscópicos com micro-organismos potencialmente patogênicos. Faz-se necessário a reavaliação de protocolos institucionais, no sentido de que seja cumprida a orientação da Anvisa por meio da RDC nº 55 de 14 de novembro de 2012 de que os detergentes enzimáticos não devem ser reutilizados sob perda da eficiência do produto. As características físico químicas dos detergentes enzimáticos devem ser respeitadas pelos serviços de saúde conforme parâmetros estabelecidos pelos fabricantes.(AU)

In Brazil, it is recommended that during the cleaning of Health Products the detergent used has enzymatic action. Although Collegiate Board Resolution No. 55 of November 14, 2012 of the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance advises against the reuse of this cleaning solution, it is known that in clinical practice they are reused several times for immersion of health products, such a gastrointestinal endoscope, which may compromise the effectiveness of the enzymatic detergent action and thus the safety in the processing. This research aimed to evaluate the microbial load present in the enzymatic detergent solution during its reuse in the manual cleaning of endoscopic gastrointestinal devices. This was a cross-sectional study performed at a gastrointestinal endoscopy service at a university hospital in Belo Horizonte and at the Oral Microbiology and Anaerobic Laboratory of ICB/UFMG. The sample consisted of 57 endoscopes and 76 aliquots of enzymatic detergent solution collected from several replicates of 19 different solutions. The collected material was vortexed, added to Modified Letheem Broth and subjected to Millipore® 0.45 µm membrane filtration. The membrane was deposited in Tryptic Soy Ágar for microbial growth. The identification of the microorganisms was performed manually considering morphotintorial aspects and biochemical/physiological reactions. The variables were described using frequencies, percentages and measures of central tendency. The project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (CAAE - 67493417.1.0000.5149). The mean values of the microbial loads in the enzymatic detergent solution varied from 19.9 UFC/mL after first use, 51.1 UFC/mL after third use and 67.1 UFC/mL after the fifth reuse. In the air/water and biopsy channels there was an increase of Gram negative microorganisms along the reuse of the detergent. Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphyloccocus were recovered. Pseudomonas spp. was the most identified microorganism in all aliquots collected. It was verified the importance of brushing the biopsy channel for correct removal of microorganisms. It was concluded that the reuse of enzyme detergent solutions contributed to the contamination of the endoscopes with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. It is necessary to re-evaluate institutional protocols, in order to comply with Anvisa's guidance through RDC nº. 55 of November 14, 2012 that enzymatic detergents should not be reused under loss of product efficiency. The physical characteristics of the enzymatic detergents must be observed by the health services according to the parameters established by the manufacturers.(AU)

A disponibilização de fósforo nas águas pelo uso de detergentes em pó: aspectos ambientais e de Saúde Pública / Phosphorus delivered to surface waters resulting from the use of powder detergents: environmental and public health aspects

Resumo Este artigo aborda a interface social e ambiental da presença de fósforo nas águas de abastecimento, dimensionando os impactos ocasionados pelo uso de detergentes fosfatados em pó sobre a qualidade e a disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos, no tocante à ocorrência da eutrofização. Com base em dados a respeito da formulação e consumo dos produtos comercializados no Brasil, relata a evolução do assunto e apresenta o retrato da situação atual. Indica que os detergentes brasileiros possuem, hoje, baixa concentração de fósforo, de forma que representam um reduzido risco de impacto sobre o nível trófico das águas. Pontua, entretanto, a necessidade de ajustar o conteúdo da legislação à prática do mercado e de aprimorar as políticas públicas relacionadas com a educação ambiental. Mediante um processo efetivo de comunicação e educação, será possível conscientizar a população acerca do assunto, contribuindo para a manutenção do controle dessa importante fonte de fósforo no meio ambiente e para o aumento da disponibilidade hídrica, por meio da prevenção dos processos de eutrofização.

Abstract This article addresses the social and environmental aspects related to the presence of phosphorus in surface water bodies, assessing the impacts caused by the utilization of powder detergents on the quality and availability of water resources, with particular respect to the occurrence of eutrophication. Based on data concerning the composition and consumption of the products currently sold in Brazil, the evolution of this phenomenon leading to the current situation is reported. Indications are that Brazilian detergents have a low phosphorus content, thus it is possible to infer that these products offer a small risk of impacting the trophic levels of surface waters. There is, however, a need to adjust the content of legislation to market practices, as well as improve public policies related to environmental education. By means of an intensive process of communication and education, awareness about the issue can be raised, keeping this major source of phosphorus in the environment under control and contributing to the increase in the availability of water, through the prevention of eutrophication processes.

Indicações e limitações dos diferentes detergentes utilizados no processamento de produtos para a saúde / Indications and limitations of different detergents used in the processing of health products / Indicaciones y limitaciones de los detergentes diferentes utilizados en el procesamiento para la salud

Objetivo: Identificar estudos que abordem indicações e limitações dos diferentes detergentes utilizados no processamento de produtos para a saúde. Método: Revisão integrativa que incluiu publicações presentes nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science e PubMed, no período de 2000 a 2016, nos idiomas inglês e português. Resultados: Foram identificados nove estudos. Os detergentes alcalinos apresentam boa remoção de sujidades, são indicados para uso em equipamento automatizado, adequados em processos que utilizem água dura e compatíveis com instrumentais cirúrgicos de aço inoxidável. Podem danificar o produto para a saúde e reagir com alumínio, zinco, metais não ferrosos, borracha e látex. Detergentes enzimáticos são compatíveis com diversos materiais e, devido à presença de enzimas, removem diferentes sujidades do instrumental. Conclusão: Embora os detergentes alcalino e enzimático possuam similaridades, a escolha do produto exige o conhecimento da sua ação, observando as características de uso, compatibilidade com o produto para a saúde e qualidade da água.

Objective: To identify studies that address indications and limitations of different detergents used in the processing of medical devices. Method: Integrative review that included publications in Scientific Electronic Library Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed, from 2000 to 2016, in English and in Portuguese. Results: Nine studies were identified. Alkaline detergents remove dirt well, its use is indicated for automated equipment, and they are suitable in processes that use hard water, compatible with surgical stainless steel instruments. They may damage the medical device and react with aluminum, zinc, non-ferrous metals, rubber and latex. Enzymatic detergents are compatible with various materials and, due to the presence of enzymes, remove different types of dirt from the instrument. Conclusion: Although alkaline and enzymatic detergents present similarities, the choice of the product requires knowledge of its action, observing the characteristics of use, compatibility with the medical device and water quality.

Objetivo: Identificar los estudios que abordan indicaciones y limitaciones de diferentes detergentes utilizados en el procesamiento de productos de salud. Método: Revisión integrada que incluye publicaciones presentes en las bases de datos Scientific Electronic Library Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science y PubMed, de 2000 a 2016, en los idiomas Inglés y Portugués. Resultados: Se identificaron nueve estudios. Los detergentes alcalinos tienen buena eliminación de impurezas, están indicados para su uso en equipos automatizados, los procedimientos adecuados utilizando agua dura compatibles e instrumental acero inoxidable quirúrgico. Pueden dañar la salud del producto, y reaccionar con aluminio, zinc, metales no ferrosos, caucho y látex. Detergentes enzimáticos son compatible con diversos materiales y, debido a la presencia de enzimas, eliminan diferentes suciedades de los instrumentales. Conclusión: Aunque detergentes alcalinos y enzimáticos presenten similitudes, la elección del producto requiere el conocimiento de su acción, observando las características de uso, compatibilidad con el producto para la salud y la calidad del agua.

A novel pH-stable, endoglucanase (JqCel5A) isolated from a salt-lake microorganism, Jonesia quinghaiensis

Background: Endoglucanase, one of three type cellulases, can randomly cleave internal p-1,4-linkages in cellulose polymers. Thus, it could be applied in agricultural and industrial processes. Results: A novel endoglucanase gene (JqCel5A) was cloned from Jonesia quinghaiensis and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). It contained 1722 bp and encoded a 573-residue polypeptide consisting of a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) and a type 2 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM2), together with a predicted molecular mass of 61.79 kD. The purified JqCel5A displayed maximum activity at 55°C and pH 7.0, with 21.7 U/mg, 26.19 U/mg and 4.81 U/mg towards the substrate carboxymethyl cellulose, barley glucan and filter paper, respectively. Interestingly, JqCel5A exhibited high pH stability over a broad pH range of pH (3-11), and had good tolerance to a wide variety of deleterious chemicals including heavy metals and detergent. The catalytic mechanism of JqCel5A was also investigated by site mutagenesis and homology-modeling in this study. Conclusions: It was believed that these properties might make JqCel5A to be potentially used in the suitable industrial catalytic condition, which has a broad pH fluctuation and/or chemical disturbance.

Fundamentos para uso seguro de lavadoras termodesinfetadoras com ênfase na liberação para uso após intervenção técnica / Bases for safe use of thermal washer disinfectors emphasizing the release for use after technical intervention / Bases para el uso seguro de las lavadoras termodesinfectantes colocando énfasis en la liberación para el uso después de la intervención técnica

No cotidiano dos Centros de Material e Esterilização (CMEs), observa-se que as lavadoras termodesinfetadoras submetidas a intervenções técnicas para correção de falhas são liberadas para uso sem evidência de operação conforme os parâmetros requeridos para realizar limpeza e termodesinfecção eficientes. Considerando a importância da prevenção das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde, este estudo apresenta como inovação a sistematização dos ensaios requeridos para a liberação de termolavadoras após intervenções técnicas, assim como as informações necessárias para a conservação desses equipamentos em condições ótimas de operação. A liberação segura do equipamento deve incluir a avaliação dos parâmetros de temperatura e tempo em comparação aos dados obtidos na qualificação, a conferência do volume de detergente admitido durante a limpeza, a avaliação da eficácia da limpeza com monitores comercialmente disponíveis, o estabelecimento de um controle de mudanças e um protocolo para direcionar a requalificação, atendendo à legislação nacional e Às recomendações internacionais.

It is seen, in the daily routine of Material and Sterilization Centers (CMEs, acronym in Portuguese), that thermal washer disinfectors submitted to technical interventions for correcting failures are released for use without evidence of operation following the required parameters for the effective performance of cleaning and thermal disinfection. Given the importance of preventing healthcare-related infections, this study presents innovated systematization of assays required for the release of thermal washers after technical interventions, as well as the necessary information to preserve such equipment in optimal operation conditions. Safe release of the equipment should include the evaluation of temperature and time parameters compared to data obtained during qualification, the conference of admitted detergent volume during cleaning, the evaluation of cleaning effectiveness with commercially available monitors, the establishment of a change control, and a protocol for directing the requalification, following the Brazilian regulations and international recommendations.

En lo cotidiano de los Centros de Material y Esterilización (CMEs), se observa que las lavadoras termodesinfectantes sometidas a intervenciones técnicas para corrección de fallas son liberadas para uso sin evidencia de operación según los parámetros requeridos para realizar limpieza y termodesinfección eficientes. Considerando la importancia de la prevención de las infecciones relacionadas a la asistencia a la salud, este estudio presenta como innovación la sistematización de los ensayos requeridos para la liberación de termolavadoras tras intervenciones técnicas, así como las informaciones necesarias para la conservación de esos equipos en condiciones excelentes de operación. La liberación segura del equipo debe incluir la evaluación de los parámetros de temperatura y tiempo en comparación a los datos obtenidos en la calificación, la conferencia del volumen de detergente admitido durante la limpieza, la evaluación de la eficacia de la limpieza con monitores comercialmente disponibles, el establecimiento de un control de cambios y un protocolo para direccionar la recalificación, atendiendo la legislación nacional y las recomendaciones internacionales.

Critical assessment of the pH of children's soap / Avaliação crítica do pH dos sabonetes infantis

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the pH value of children's antibacterial soaps and syndets used in children's baths and verify whether there is information regarding pH on the product label. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical observational study that included ninety soap samples, both in bar and liquid presentations, as follows: 67 children's soap (group 1), 17 antibacterial soaps (group 2), and 6 syndets (group 3). Each sample had its pH measured after 1% dilution. In addition to descriptive statistics, the Pearson-Yates chi-squared test and Student's t-tests were applied, considering the minimal significance level of 5%. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, Fisher's exact test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for inferential statistics. Results: The pH levels varied considerably between liquid and bar presentations, with lower levels (4.4-7.9) found for the liquids (p < 0.05). Syndets showed pH levels close to the ideal (slightly acid) and the antibacterial soaps showed the highest pH levels (up to 11.34) (p < 0.05). Only two of the soaps included in the study had information about their pH levels on the product packaging. Conclusions: Knowledge of the pH of children's soap by doctors and users is important, considering the great pH variability found in this study. Moreover, liquid soaps, and especially syndets, are the most recommended for the sensitive skin of neonates and infants, in order to guarantee skin barrier efficacy.

Resumo Objetivos: Avaliar o pH dos sabonetes infantis, antibacterianos e sindets (syntetic detergents) habitualmente usados em crianças, bem como verificar se há no rótulo desses produtos informação sobre seu pH. Métodos: Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e quantitativo, que incluiu 90 sabonetes nas apresentações em barra e líquida, 67 infantis (grupo 1), 17 antibacterianos (grupo 2) e 6 sindets (grupo 3). Procedeu-se à mensuração do pH das amostras após diluição a 1%. Além da estatística descritiva, foram usados os testes de qui-quadrado Persons/Yates e t de Student, com nível de significância mínimo de 5%. Para a estatística inferencial, foram usados os testes de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, exato de Fisher e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: O pH variou consideravelmente entre as formas líquida e em barra, com pHs menores (de 4,4 a 7,9) nos líquidos (p < 0,05). Os sindets mostraram pHs próximos ao ideal (levemente ácidos) e os antibacterianos apresentaram os maiores pHs (até 11,34) (p < 0.05). Apenas dois dos sabonetes analisados apresentavam no rótulo a indicação do pH. Conclusões: A observação do pH dos sabonetes infantis pelos médicos e usuários é importante, haja vista a grande variabilidade de valores de pH encontrados. Além disso, os sabonetes líquidos, e especialmente os sindets, são os mais recomendados para uso em recém-nascidos e lactentes com pele sensível, de forma a garantir a eficácia da barreira cutânea.

Dynamic Modeling to Assess Natural Wetlands Treatment of Wastewater in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Towards an Eco-City Planning Tool.

Aims: A personal computer version of the Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM) was applied to seamlessly link urban runoff, sanitary flow, pump station operations, and a natural wastewater treatment wetland in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, as a step towards developing a planning tool that could be used to explore urban development or climate change scenarios. Study Design: PCSWMM was calibrated with measured flow and water quality data and used to estimate total phosphorus, total nitrogen, detergents, and E. coli levels at the outlet of the wastewater treatment wetland for the period May 15 to July 1, 2011. Place and Duration of Study: Phnom Penh, Cambodia; January, 2011 to March, 2012. Methodology: In support of model development, a limited water quality sampling program and bathymetric survey were conducted for the sewer and wetland system in both the dry and rainy seasons, 2011. Samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, detergents, and E. coli. Sewer flow was measured continuously at 5 minute intervals to determine sanitary flow characteristics as input to the model and pump operation rules were determined through interviews with the pump operators and analysis of their data log books. Results: Consistent with past studies, the sampling showed that the wetland was effective in treating municipal waste, particularly with respect to E. coli (99% reduction from sewage inputs) and detergents (86% reduction from sewage inputs). A lower treatment efficiency was observed for total phosphorus, at around 31%, while the treatment efficiency for total nitrogen was around 71%. The wetland was divided into four zones and PCSWMM was run in continuous mode for the period May 2-July 1, 2011. The mean levels of E. coli, detergents, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen estimated by the model for that time period compared favorably with sample results from the field campaign in August, 2011. Conclusion: The naturally-occurring wetland treatment system in Phnom Penh is effective and fits well with the concepts of green infrastructure and eco-cities. PCSWMM is a useful decisionsupport and planning tool to explore various development and climate change scenarios in Phnom Penh.

Irritantes químicos y prevalencia de asma y bronquitis crónica en los trabajadores de los servicios de limpieza de los establecimientos de salud de la región Puno, Perú / Chemical irritants and prevalence of asthma and chronic bronchitis among cleaner workers of health institutions at the Puno region, Peru.

Introducción: Estudios realizados en diversas partes del mundo evidencian la presencia de enfermedades respiratorias como asma y bronquitis crónica en trabajadores de los servicios de limpieza hospitalaria, por el uso de productos químicos como cloro y otros irritantes. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de asma y bronquitis en los trabajadores de los servicios de limpieza de los hospitales de la región Puno, Perú, y establecer su asociación con irritantes químicos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal con 201 trabajadores (tasa de respuesta 33%). El instrumento fue elaborado tomando en cuenta estudios europeos sobre condiciones de trabajo y estado de salud y, el cuestionario de asma de la European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Se estimaron asociaciones mediante odds ratios (OR). Resultados: Un alto porcentaje de entrevistados (64%) reportó exposición a productos químicos. Asma y bronquitis fueron reportados con 18 y 11%, respectivamente. La evaluación estadística no mostró ningún predictor de enfermedades respiratorias; para sibilancias en el pecho OR: 0.72 (IC 95%: 0.18-2.87), ni para bronquitis crónica OR = 1.92 (IC 95%: 0.22-16.75). El género no se evidenció como confusor en este estudio. Conclusión: El estudio mostró ausencia de asociación entre la exposición a sustancias químicas y la presencia de enfermedades respiratorias, en los trabajadores de limpieza de establecimientos de salud; la causa probable sería la alta tasa de rotación de este personal, y el nivel de dilución de las sustancias químicas utilizadas.

Introduction: Studies around the world show the presence of respiratory diseases such asthma and chronic bronchitis in hospital cleaning service workers related to the use of chlorine and other irritants. Objective: To determine the presence of asthma and bronchitis in workers cleaning services in hospitals of Puno, Peru and establish their association with chemical irritants. Material san Methods: Cross-sectional study of 201 workers (response rate 33%). The instrument was developed taking into account European studies on working conditions and health, and the asthma questionnaire of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Associations were estimated using odds ratios (OR). Results: A high percentage of respondents (64%) reported exposure to chemicals. Asthma and bronchitis were reported with 18 and 11%, respectively. Statistical evaluation showed no predictor of respiratory diseases; specificly for wheezing in the chest, OR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.18-2.87) or for chronic bronchitis, OR = 1.92 (95% CI 0.22-16.75). Gender was not evident as a confounder in this study. Conclusion: The study showed no association between exposure to chemicals and the presence of respiratory disease in hospital cleaning service workers; the probable cause was the high turnover of personnel, and level of chemical dilution.

Effect of laundry detergent formulation on the performance of alkaline phytoproteases

Background: Proteases constitute the largest product segment in the global industrial enzymes market; they are used in food, pharmaceutical, leather, textile, wood and detergent industries. Alkaline proteases improve the cleaning efficiency of detergents and represent one of the most successful applications of modern industrial biotechnology. The aim of this work was to study the performance of two alkaline phytoproteases, araujiain (Araujia hortorum Fourn.) and asclepain (Asclepias curassavica L.), for their potential application as additive in laundry detergent formulations. Results: The effect of pure non-ionic and ionic surfactants on proteolytic activity of araujiain and asclepain was analyzed measuring the remaining activity after 1 hr of incubation of those enzymes in aqueous solutions of surfactants at different concentrations (0.1, 0.4 and 1% v/v) and temperatures (25, 40 and 60ºC). Besides, the compatibility of the enzymes with six commercial laundry detergents was also studied measuring the remaining proteolytic activity at 37ºC after 1 hr. Commercial detergent components influenced in different ways on araujiain and asclepain, in spite of the similar behaviour of the two enzymes in buffer. In commercial detergent solutions, araujiain expressed between 60% and 140% of its remaining proteolytic activity in buffer (pH 8.5) at 37ºC after 1 hr, while asclepain, was practically inactivate in most of them at the same conditions. Conclusions: Proteolytic extract of Araujia hortorum fulfilled all the requirements for its application as additive for laundry detergents: high stability in a broad temperature range (25-70ºC), high activity in alkaline pH (7.5-9.5) and very good compatibility with the commercial detergent additives. Nevertheless, in spite of its high stability and activity in buffer, the proteolytic extract of Asclepias curassavica did not show the same performance than araujiain.

Avaliação da influência da solução de irrigação na resistência adesiva de um cimento resinoso / Evaluation of influence of irrigation solution in strength adhesive of a resin cement

Introdução: A contaminação do substrato dentinário pode interferir na qualidade de união entre materiais adesivos e o dente. Objetivo: Investigar a influência de diferentes soluções de irrigação na resistência de união de um cimento resinoso. Material e Método: Foram selecionadas 40 coroas dentais bovinas, divididas em quatro grupos: G0 = soro; G1 = clorexidina; G2 = EDTA; G3 = clorexidina 0,12%, após condicionamento ácido. Em seguida, foram confeccionados cilindros de cimento resinoso utilizando-se uma matriz de Tygon com diâmetro interno de 1 mm e 2 mm de altura. A fotoativação foi realizada por aparelho de luz LED com 900 mW/cm² por 40 segundos. Foram confeccionados quatro cilindros de cimento resinoso para cada coroa bovina, totalizando 40 corpos de prova de cimento resinoso para cada grupo avaliado. O teste de resistência adesiva por microcisalhamento foi realizado após 24 horas. Decorrido esse período, os cilindros de cimento resinoso foram testados em uma máquina universal de ensaios (EMIC). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey (p = 0,001). Resultado: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos estudados, com exceção para o G3, que apresentou de forma significativa os menores valores de resistência adesiva. Conclusão: As diferentes soluções irrigadoras utilizadas previamente ao condicionamento ácido na dentina não interferem na resistência de união por microcisalhamento.

Introduction: The contamination of dentin can interfere with the quality of union between adhesives and tooth. Objective: Was to investigate the influence of different irrigation solutions on bond strength of a resin cement. Material and Method: Were selected 40 dental bovine crowns divided into four groups: G0= physiologic serum, G1= chlorhexidine, G2= EDTA, G3= 0.12% chlorhexidine after acid etching. Then the cylinders were fabricated resin cement using a matrix of Tygon with an internal diameter of 1mm and 2mm in height. The polymerization was carried out by LED light unit with 900 mW/cm² for 40 seconds. 4 cylinders were made of resin cement for each bovine crown, totaling 40 body-of-proof resin cement for each group evaluated. The test microshear bond strength was performed after 24 hours. After this period, the resin cement cylinders were tested in a universal testing machine (EMIC). Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey (p = 0.001). Result: There were no statistically significant differences between groups, except for the G3 which showed significantly lower values of bond strength. Conclusion: The different irrigating solutions used prior to etching dentin not interfere in the bond strength microshear.

Impactos das atividades humanas sobre a dinâmica do fósforo no meio ambiente e seus reflexos na saúde pública / The impact of human activities on the dynamics of phosphorus in the environment and its effect on public health

O fósforo é um nutriente com fontes finitas e não renováveis, cuja velocidade de exploração é atualmente muito superior às suas taxas de retorno ao seu ciclo natural, sendo que já existem previsões a respeito de um provável colapso nas suas fontes disponíveis e conhecidas, com impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais graves e irreversíveis. Diante desse cenário, o presente trabalho busca apresentar informações sobre a dinâmica do fósforo no meio ambiente, avaliando os impactos causados pelas atividades humanas e verificando as ações que podem auxiliar na preservação do ciclo do nutriente. Visando contribuir para uma melhor visualização do assunto, foi analisada a evolução dos dados relativos à concentração populacional, número de industriais e extensão das áreas cultivadas em uma bacia hidrográfica, em relação às concentrações de fósforo nos compartimentos água e sedimento, ao longo de 22 anos. Para tanto, utilizou-se o rio Tietê como estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o controle das fontes domésticas, principalmente da quantidade de tripolifosfato de sódio (STPP) utilizada nos detergentes, é de grande importância para a melhoria da qualidade das águas, proteção ao meio ambiente e garantia da saúde pública.

Phosphorus is a nutrient with finite and non-renewable sources, the speed of exploitation of which is currently far higher than the rates of return to its natural cycle. It is already being predicted that available and known sources will soon be exhausted, with serious and irreversible economic, social and environmental impacts. In this context, this study sets out to present information about the dynamics of phosphorus in the environment, assessing the impacts caused by human activities and establishing what actions might contribute to preservation of the nutrient cycle. To contribute to enhanced understanding of the topic, the evolution of data on population density, the number of industries and the extension of cultivated areas in a river basin, was studied over 22 years in relation to concentrations of phosphorus in water and sediment. The Tietê River was used for the case study. The results revealed that the control of domestic effluent, especially the amount of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) used in detergents and soap products, is of major importance for improving water quality, ensuring environmental protection and safeguarding public health.

Development of a standardized procedure for cleaning glass apparatus in analytical laboratories / Desenvolvimento de procedimento padronizado para a lavagem de vidraria em laboratórios analíticos

Adequate cleaning of analytical glassware is an essential procedure that determines the reliability of assays and tests carried out in laboratories, keeping the glassware free of interference from residues left by previous tests. In the present paper, standard cleaning procedures are proposed for laboratory glassware, which were tested on cyanocobalamin as a marker contaminant. A spectrophotometric method was used for quantitative determination of both residual marker and cleaning product. Beakers, volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes were successfully cleaned with a 2% detergent solution, with several rinses in water. Vials were cleaned adequately in an ultrasonic bath. These procedures utilize non-toxic and cheap reagents, factors of paramount importance for their application in routine laboratory analysis.

A lavagem da vidraria analítica é um procedimento essencial e determinante na confiabilidade dos resultados de testes e ensaios, a despeito da interferência dos resíduos de análises anteriores. Neste trabalho, foram propostos procedimentos de limpeza de vidrarias utilizando cianocobalamina como um marcador da eficiência de limpeza. Foi utilizado método espectrofotométrico para determinação dos resíduos do marcador e também do agente de limpeza. Béqueres, balões volumétricos e pipetas volumétricas foram comprovadamente limpos com detergente a 2% e múltiplos enxágues. Vials e seringas foram apropriadamente limpos utilizando-se banho ultrassônico. Esses procedimentos de limpeza fazem uso de reagentes baratos e não tóxicos, parâmetros de suma importância para sua aplicação em rotina laboratorial de análises físico-químicas.

Irritancy potential of 17 detergents used commonly by the Indian household.

Background: Detergents are used by almost every household in the developed and developing world. Soap and most detergents are anionic surfactants and attack the horny layer of the skin and increase its permeability with little or no inflammatory change and may result in hand eczema, which is very distressing and incapacitating. Aim: To evaluate the irritant potential of common household detergents (laundry and dish wash) used by the Indian population using a 24-hour patch test and to convincingly educate the patients on the detergents less likely to cause irritation in the particular individual. Methods: Seventeen commonly used detergents found in Indian market were included in the study, of which, 12 were laundry detergents (powders - seven, bar soap - five) and five were dish wash detergents (powder - one, liquid - one, bar soap - three). The irritant potential of the 17 detergents were evaluated in 30 volunteers. Thirty microliters of each of the detergent bar solutions, distilled water (negative control), and 20% SDS (positive control) were applied to Finn chambers with a micropipette and occluded for 24 hours. Erythema, scaling, and edema were graded in comparison to the reaction at the negative control site (distilled water) for each volunteer separately. The scoring of erythema / dryness and wrinkling on a 0 - 4 point scale and edema on another 0 - 4 point scale was based on the Draize scale. The pH of each of the detergent solutions was determined using litmus papers (Indikrom papers from Qualigens fine chemicals). Results: The difference between detergents (F value) was significant for erythema / dryness and wrinkling (F = 3.374; p = 0.000), but not significant for edema (F = 1.297; p = 0.194). [Table 2] lists the means for erythema / dryness and wrinkling, and edema. The F value of the totals of the means for erythema / dryness and wrinkling and edema was significant (F = 2.495; p = 0.001). The pH of all the detergents was found to be alkaline except Pril utensil cleaner which tested acidic (pH 6). The positive control, 20% SDS also tested acidic (pH 6). Conclusion : Similar to patch testing in allergic contact dermatitis, 24-hour patch testing with detergent solutions (8% w/v), will educate the patient on what detergent to avoid. This may bring down the total medication requirement and frequent hospital consultations for these patients.

Comparison of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection Rates by Perineal Care Agents in Intensive Care Units

PURPOSE: This study compared the catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rates resulting from the use of four perineal care agents (soap-and-water, skin cleansing foam, 10% povidone-iodine, and normal saline) among patients in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: This four-group experimental study was done with 97 adult patients who had urinary catheters over 2 days in three ICUs between April and July 2008. The patients received one of the four types of perineal care. Data collected included the incidence of CAUTI at baseline (prior to perineal care) and 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after beginning perineal care. Patients were divided into UTI and non-UTI groups based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network UTI definition to calculate incidence rates. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by Cox's proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of CAUTIs per 100 urinary catheter days were 3.18 episodes during 1 week with urinary catheter, 3.31 during 2 weeks, and 3.04 during 4 weeks. No statistically significant difference in hazard ratios of CAUTIs for each perineal care agent was evident with reference to soap-and-water at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after beginning perineal care after controlling for age, use of antibiotics, fecal incontinence, consciousness level, fever, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The type of perineal care does not influence the incidence of CAUTIs. Further confirmatory studies with a larger patient population should be conducted, as well as determining perineal agent preference.